{"schemaVersion":"1.0.0","canonical":"https://songs.campzhe.com/poems/167-cai-wei/","contentKinds":{"original":"传世《毛诗》阅读正文","fullTranslation":"项目原创全文今译","interpretation":"项目综合阐释；推测性解释均保留边界说明","annotations":"项目据传统注疏与现代研究综合转述","materialNotes":"诗中名物与生活场景说明","geography":"教学综合示意，不代表精确创作地点或疆界"},"poem":{"id":"小雅-采薇","title":"采薇","group":"小雅","region":"小雅","collectionSection":"鹿鸣之什","theme":"征役","period":"西周","quote":"昔我往矣，杨柳依依；今我来思，雨雪霏霏。","summary":"戍役者从出征到归来的时间感，被浓缩在季节变化之中。","interpretation":{"scene":"《采薇》让一名戍役者的时间在野菜上显形：薇菜从初生、柔嫩到变老变硬，他却仍未能回家。“曰归曰归”像每天都被重复的许诺，年岁与人的身体一起被拖进战事。饥渴、无处安坐、无人回家通信，都使“王事”从宏大名称落到一个人的日常消耗上。采薇本是寻常的野外觅食，但在反复吟唱中，它也像队伍共同确认处境的节拍：每唱一次，归期就又被推迟一次。","emotionalArc":"前三章一直围绕归期落空。第四、五章却把视线转向鲜明的棠棣花、高大的战车、强壮的四牡和精美的兵器。这些并不只是炫耀军容：将帅有车可依，普通士卒则要借车体遮蔽；“一月三捷”的频密转战，也解释了他们为什么不敢定居。整齐的马队和华美装备制造出可被集体观看的秩序，士卒的饥渴、忧伤和失联却属于难以展示的另一面。诗把两者放在同一首歌里，使军容的光亮始终伴随着个人代价。","modernReading":"最后一章不把归来写成凯旋。出征时的柔柳和回程中的飞雪，不只表示季节变化，更是两个已经无法重合的自我：当初那个人离家时尚不知将经历什么，如今回来的人却带着饿渴、疲惫和无人理解的记忆。“莫知我哀”说出战争之后的孤独：人已经踏上归途，心却未必能立即回到原来的生活。它让现代读者想到，归还并不等于复原；一个人需要的不只是被允许回家，还需要有人承认他在远方经历的恐惧、损失和改变。","boundary":"玁狁的族属和具体战事年代难以仅凭本诗确定。本解读把重心放在戍役者的经验，但不否认第四、五章同时具有展示军阵纪律与装备的功能。诗中的第一人称也可能代表一类戍卒的共同声音，不必拘定为某位可考的历史人物。"},"stanzas":[{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-stanza-1","number":1,"segments":[{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-1","original":"采薇采薇，薇亦作止。","translation":"采薇菜啊采薇菜，嫩芽刚刚长出来。","rawBlock":0},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-2","original":"曰归曰归，岁亦莫止。","translation":"总说回家、回家，一年却已到岁末。","rawBlock":0},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-3","original":"靡室靡家，玁狁之故。","translation":"有家却不能安居，都因玁狁不断侵扰。","rawBlock":0},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-4","original":"不遑启居，玁狁之故。","translation":"连坐下休息的闲暇都没有，都因玁狁不断侵扰。","rawBlock":0}]},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-stanza-2","number":2,"segments":[{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-5","original":"采薇采薇，薇亦柔止。","translation":"采薇菜啊采薇菜，薇菜的茎叶已经柔嫩。","rawBlock":1},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-6","original":"曰归曰归，心亦忧止。","translation":"总说回家、回家，心里的忧愁也越积越深。","rawBlock":1},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-7","original":"忧心烈烈，载饥载渴。","translation":"忧心像火一样煎熬，又饿又渴。","rawBlock":1},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-8","original":"我戍未定，靡使归聘。","translation":"驻守的地方尚未安定，没有人能回家通报消息。","rawBlock":1}]},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-stanza-3","number":3,"segments":[{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-9","original":"采薇采薇，薇亦刚止。","translation":"采薇菜啊采薇菜，薇菜的茎叶已经变老变硬。","rawBlock":2},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-10","original":"曰归曰归，岁亦阳止。","translation":"总说回家、回家，十月也已经到来。","rawBlock":2},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-11","original":"王事靡盬，不遑启处。","translation":"王家的征役没有休止，连跪坐休息都来不及。","rawBlock":2},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-12","original":"忧心孔疚，我行不来！","translation":"我心里痛苦已极，恐怕这一趟再也回不去了。","rawBlock":2}]},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-stanza-4","number":4,"segments":[{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-13","original":"彼尔维何？维常之华。","translation":"那盛开的是什么花？是棠棣树的花。","rawBlock":3},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-14","original":"彼路斯何？君子之车。","translation":"那辆高大的车是什么车？是将帅乘坐的战车。","rawBlock":3},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-15","original":"戎车既驾，四牡业业。","translation":"战车已经驾好，四匹公马高大强壮。","rawBlock":3},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-16","original":"岂敢定居？一月三捷。","translation":"哪里敢停下安居？一个月里要多次转战。","rawBlock":3}]},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-stanza-5","number":5,"segments":[{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-17","original":"驾彼四牡，四牡骙骙。","translation":"驾起那四匹公马，马匹强健雄壮。","rawBlock":4},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-18","original":"君子所依，小人所腓。","translation":"将帅依乘战车，士卒借车身隐蔽。","rawBlock":4},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-19","original":"四牡翼翼，象弭鱼服。","translation":"四匹马动作整齐，车上备有象骨饰弓和鱼皮箭袋。","rawBlock":4},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-20","original":"岂不日戒？玁狁孔棘！","translation":"怎么能不天天戒备？玁狁的侵扰实在紧急！","rawBlock":4}]},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-stanza-6","number":6,"segments":[{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-21","original":"昔我往矣，杨柳依依。","translation":"当初我出征的时候，杨柳枝条轻柔摇曳。","rawBlock":5},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-22","original":"今我来思，雨雪霏霏。","translation":"如今我走在回家的路上，大雪漫天飘落。","rawBlock":5},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-23","original":"行道迟迟，载渴载饥。","translation":"道路泥泞，脚步缓慢，人又饿又渴。","rawBlock":5},{"id":"小雅/鹿鸣之什/采薇-24","original":"我心伤悲，莫知我哀！","translation":"我心中充满伤悲，却没有人知道我经历了什么。","rawBlock":5}]}],"windNotes":[{"name":"薇","category":"植物","excerpt":"“采薇采薇”","description":"一般解为可食的野豌类或薇菜类植物。从“作”到“柔”再到“刚”，嫩芽变老成为戍期拖长的时间尺度。","image":"/assets/windnotes/ink/wei.webp","imageAlt":"薇水墨线描示意图","sourceIds":["maoshi","cheng"],"uncertainty":"现代植物学的精确对应存在不同说法。","sourceLocators":[{"sourceId":"maoshi","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；薇；原句“采薇采薇”","precision":"篇内定位"},{"sourceId":"cheng","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；薇；原句“采薇采薇”","precision":"篇内定位"}]},{"name":"常棣","category":"植物","excerpt":"“维常之华”","description":"多释为棠棣一类开花的灌木。繁密明丽的花朵，与下文展开的战车军容相接。","image":"/assets/windnotes/ink/tangdi.webp","imageAlt":"常棣水墨线描示意图","sourceIds":["maoshi","zhuxi"],"sourceLocators":[{"sourceId":"maoshi","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；常棣；原句“维常之华”","precision":"篇内定位"},{"sourceId":"zhuxi","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；常棣；原句“维常之华”","precision":"篇内定位"}]},{"name":"戎车","category":"车马","excerpt":"“戎车既驾”","description":"供作战的马车。车上人员、马匹和兵器需要协同，战车也为徒卒提供一定遮蔽。","image":"/assets/windnotes/ink/rongche-war-chariot-v1.webp","imageAlt":"戎车水墨线描示意图","sourceIds":["maoshi","cheng"],"sourceLocators":[{"sourceId":"maoshi","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；戎车；原句“戎车既驾”","precision":"篇内定位"},{"sourceId":"cheng","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；戎车；原句“戎车既驾”","precision":"篇内定位"}]},{"name":"四牡","category":"马匹","excerpt":"“驾彼四牡”","description":"同驾一车的四匹公马。“业业、骙骙、翼翼”从高大、强健和动作整齐等方面描写它们。","image":"/assets/windnotes/ink/simu-four-horses-v1.webp","imageAlt":"四牡水墨线描示意图","sourceIds":["maoshi","zhuxi"],"sourceLocators":[{"sourceId":"maoshi","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；四牡；原句“驾彼四牡”","precision":"篇内定位"},{"sourceId":"zhuxi","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；四牡；原句“驾彼四牡”","precision":"篇内定位"}]},{"name":"象弭","category":"兵器","excerpt":"“象弭鱼服”","description":"以象骨或象牙饰弓末的弓。精美装饰与实际戒备功能并存。","image":"/assets/windnotes/ink/xiangmi-bow-fitting-v1.webp","imageAlt":"象弭水墨线描示意图","sourceIds":["maoshi","cheng"],"sourceLocators":[{"sourceId":"maoshi","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；象弭；原句“象弭鱼服”","precision":"篇内定位"},{"sourceId":"cheng","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；象弭；原句“象弭鱼服”","precision":"篇内定位"}]},{"name":"鱼服","category":"兵器","excerpt":"“象弭鱼服”","description":"以鱼皮包饰的箭袋或弓衣。“服”在此不是穿在身上的衣服。","image":"/assets/windnotes/ink/yufu-bow-case-v1.webp","imageAlt":"鱼服水墨线描示意图","sourceIds":["maoshi","gaoheng","cheng"],"sourceLocators":[{"sourceId":"maoshi","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；鱼服；原句“象弭鱼服”","precision":"篇内定位"},{"sourceId":"gaoheng","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；鱼服；原句“象弭鱼服”","precision":"篇内定位"},{"sourceId":"cheng","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；鱼服；原句“象弭鱼服”","precision":"篇内定位"}]},{"name":"杨柳","category":"植物","excerpt":"“杨柳依依”","description":"柔软下垂、随风摇动的柳枝，在离家记忆中保留了春日的触感。诗本身并未明言有后世“折柳送别”仪式。","image":"/assets/windnotes/ink/willow-riverbank-v1.webp","imageAlt":"杨柳水墨线描示意图","sourceIds":["maoshi","cheng"],"sourceLocators":[{"sourceId":"maoshi","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；杨柳；原句“杨柳依依”","precision":"篇内定位"},{"sourceId":"cheng","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；杨柳；原句“杨柳依依”","precision":"篇内定位"}]},{"name":"雨雪","category":"天气","excerpt":"“雨雪霏霏”","description":"“雨”在此作动词，即降雪。飞雪、泥泞和寒冷使归途变得缓慢而艰难。","image":"/assets/windnotes/ink/yuxue-snowy-road-v1.webp","imageAlt":"雨雪水墨线描示意图","sourceIds":["maoshi","zhuxi"],"sourceLocators":[{"sourceId":"maoshi","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；雨雪；原句“雨雪霏霏”","precision":"篇内定位"},{"sourceId":"zhuxi","locator":"小雅·鹿鸣之什·采薇；雨雪；原句“雨雪霏霏”","precision":"篇内定位"}]}],"textAnnotations":[{"term":"作止","pinyin":"zuò 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